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Coordination in animals
(c) Individual and Psychological Coordination pathway in mammals
Factors: Providing mental health involves three main components
support and teaching healthy coping which are receptors, coordinators
strategies address underlying issues and effectors. The three components
like low self-esteem and identity are interlinked with stimulus and
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struggles. Early intervention for response.
vulnerable individuals can reduce the 2. The nervous system is mainly
likelihood of drug use. composed of specialised cells called
(d) Educational and Socioeconomic neurones or nerve cells. Based on the
Factors: School-based drug education, structure and functions, there are three
academic support, and extracurricular types of neurones which are sensory,
activities help reduce stress and interneurone (intermediate or relay)
increase awareness. Addressing and motor neurones.
poverty and providing community 3. The nervous system in complex animals
resources offer constructive especially vertebrates is mainly made
alternatives to drug use. up of the Central Nervous System
(e) Environmental and Situational (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous
Factors: Enforcing laws to limit access System (PNS). The CNS is the part
to drugs, increasing supervision, and of the nervous system consisting
raising community awareness reduce primarily of the brain and spinal cord.
exposure to drugs in social settings, The PNS is made up of nerve cells
lowering the chances of abuse. called neurones. The mammalian
brain consists of three main parts; the
(f) Motivational and Situational
Reasons: Encouraging participation fore brain, the mid brain and the hind
in healthy activities and teaching brain.
stress management techniques provide 4. The fore brain (cerebrum) controls
alternatives to using substances for all voluntary activities of the body
relief or performance enhancement. including speech, reasoning, memory,
Education on risks promotes safer decision making, behaviour and
choices. imagination. The function of the
midbrain is to convey information
Chapter summary between the forebrain and hindbrain.
It is also the part connected to optic
1. Working together of different body nerves which link the brain and the
parts in a coordinated way is called eyes.
coordination. It enables animals to
detect changes in their internal and 5. The hindbrain is composed of the
external environments and respond cerebellum and medulla oblongata.
accordingly. The cerebellum is concerned with
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BIOLOGY FORM 3 FINAL EDITED 16.09.2025.indd 60
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