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Category Operator Associativity
Bitwise AND & Left-to-right

Bitwise XOR ^ Left-to-right
Bitwise OR | Left-to-right Chapter Five: Object oriented programming with Java
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Logical AND && Left-to-right
Logical OR || Left-to-right
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Assignment and Lambda = += -= *= /= %=>>=<<= &= ^=| = => Right-to-left

Constants in Java (i) Enhancing readability: Employing
In Java, a constant is a value that cannot descriptive names for constants
be changed once it is assigned. To declare enhances code comprehension.
a constant, the “final” keyword is used, (ii) Improving maintainability: Altering
indicating that the variable’s value is a single constant is simpler than
unmodifiable. Think of a constant like a hunting down and replacing
labeled box where you store something that scattered values in your codebase.
cannot be changed unless you relabel it. It is similar to adjusting a formula

In Java, it is common practice to write once rather than revising each set
constant names in capital letters, with individually!
multiple words separated by underscores (iii) Potential performance boost: In select
(_). Constants can also be defined as scenarios, employing constants may
static, which allows them to be accessed yield marginally faster programs
without creating an instance of the class. since values needn’t be recalculated
repeatedly. It’s analogous to pre-
One important aspect of constants is measuring ingredients to streamline
that they can hold any type of data, such baking.
as numbers or text. They are similar
to recipes where a fixed amount, like (b) Declaration of constant variable
1 teaspoon of sugar, is always used in in Java
a standard tea cup, regardless of the In Java, there is no specific “constant”
number of cups you plan to drink (unless keyword. Instead, two keywords are
you want very sweet tea). used together to declare constants:

(a) Importance of using constants in Final: The “final” keyword ensures
Java that the value of the constant cannot be
There are several reasons of using changed after it is assigned. It is similar
constant as variables in Java, some of to following a guideline or rule on how
the reasons includes: something should be done.

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Computer Science Form 5.indd 341 23/07/2024 12:34