Page 133 - Biology_Form_3

Biology for Secondary Schools

Effects damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary
Uncontrolled diabetes can lead to severe gland, and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus,
complications affecting multiple organ which results from the kidneys’ failure to
systems. Chronic hyperglycemia damages respond to ADH.
blood vessels, increasing the risk of stroke,
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heart disease, and hypertension. Diabetic Causes
neuropathy causes pain, numbness, or There are several causes which include head
tingling in the extremities, while diabetic injuries, brain tumors, genetic mutations,
retinopathy may lead to blindness. Kidney kidney disease, and certain medications
damage (diabetic nephropathy) can result like lithium.
in kidney failure (chronic kidney disease),
requiring dialysis or transplantation. Symptoms
Additionally, poorly managed diabetes The main symptoms of diabetes insipidus
weakens the immune system, making include excessive urination (polyuria),
infections more frequent and severe. extreme thirst (polydipsia), dehydration,
Prevention and management and nocturia (frequent urination at night).
Preventing diabetes mellitus, particularly Individuals may produce up to 20 liters
Type 2 diabetes, involves maintaining of dilute urine per day, leading to severe
a healthy lifestyle. A balanced diet rich dehydration if fluid intake is not sufficient.
in fiber, whole grains, lean proteins, Other symptoms include dry skin,
and healthy fats helps regulate blood fatigue, muscle weakness, and electrolyte
sugar levels. Regular physical activity imbalances.
improves insulin sensitivity and promotes Effects
weight management. Avoiding excessive If left untreated, diabetes insipidus can
consumption of sugary foods, tobacco, lead to severe dehydration, which may
managing stress and refined carbohydrates cause confusion, dizziness, low blood
reduces the risk of insulin resistance. pressure, and shock. Chronic dehydration
Routine blood sugar monitoring and regular can result in kidney damage and increased
check-ups can help detect and manage risk of urinary tract infections. Electrolyte
prediabetes before it develops into full- imbalances can cause muscle cramps,
blown diabetes. irregular heart rhythms, and neurological
disturbances.
Diabetes inspidus
This is a rare disorder caused by a deficiency Prevention and management
of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or the While diabetes insipidus caused by genetic
kidneys’ inability to respond to ADH. ADH, factors cannot be prevented, maintaining
also known as vasopressin, helps regulate proper hydration and monitoring medication
the body’s fluid balance. The primary side effects can help manage symptoms.
types of diabetes insipidus include central Avoiding head injuries, managing kidney
diabetes insipidus, which occurs due to

126 Student’s Book - Form Three

BIOLOGY FORM 3 FINAL EDITED 16.09.2025.indd 126 23/10/2025 11:52:49 KAMISHNA
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BIOLOGY FORM 3 FINAL EDITED 16.09.2025.indd 126

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