Page 177 - Computer_Science_F5

buffering can introduce delays in data
Computer Science 2. Ensures smooth Windowing
transmission and reception.
Communication: Manages
data flow between sender
and receiver, even at
different speeds.
FOR ONLINE READING ONLY
multiple data segments (measured in bytes)
3. Handles burst data: To optimise data throughput, the sender transmits
Manages large amounts of without waiting for acknowledgments, known as
data sent in short periods. windowing. Windows control the flow of data by
managing the amount of unacknowledged data
segments. For example, if a TCP session starts
Practical examples of with a window size of 2 bytes and increases to 3
buffering bytes, the sender can send 3 bytes before waiting
1. Video streaming: Ensures for an acknowledgment, improving transmission
continuous playback by efficiency. Figure 3.22 shows the windowing
buffering video data to technique to control congestion.
handle network speed
variations.

2. File transfer protocols:
Smooths data transfer
between systems with Sender Window size of 1 Receiver
different processing speeds. Send 1 Receive 1
3. Network routers and Ack 2
switches: Uses buffering Send 2 Receive 2
to handle varying traffic Ack 3
loads, ensuring smooth
packet transmission. Window size of 3
Send 1
Challenges of buffering Send 2
1. Buffer overflow: Occurs Send 3
if the buffer becomes full, Ack 4
leading to potential data
loss. Send 4
2. Memory usage: Buffers Figure 3.23: Windowing flow control technique
require memory, which can Congestion avoidance
be constrained on systems
with limited resources. Congestion avoidance prevents network congestion,
ensuring optimal performance by regulating
3. Latency: Excessive data flow. Congestion occurs due to heavy data

168
for Advanced Secondary Schools

Computer Science Form 5.indd 168 23/07/2024 12:33