Page 535 - Computer_Science_F5

Computer Science Management Entity (MME). It facilitates critical functions
such as establishing, maintaining, and releasing connections,
handling mobility management, bearer management, and the
delivery of NAS (Non-Access Stratum) signaling messages. S1-
AP ensures efficient communication and coordination between
FOR ONLINE READING ONLY
the radio access network and the core network, playing a crucial
role in maintaining smooth connectivity and high-performance
service delivery in LTE networks.

X2-AP X2-AP is a protocol used in LTE (Long-Term Evolution)
(X2 Application networks to manage communication and coordination between
Protocol) neighboring eNodeBs (evolved NodeBs). This protocol is
essential for handling inter-cell handovers, ensuring that data
sessions are smoothly transferred from one cell to another as
users move. It also manages the load balancing of traffic and the
sharing of status information between eNodeBs. X2-AP supports
functions like user plane traffic forwarding, context transfer, and
measurement reporting, which are vital for maintaining network
performance, optimizing resource utilization, and providing a
high-quality user experience in LTE networks.

GTP GTP is a group of IP-based communication protocols used
(GPRS in the GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) core network to
Tunneling facilitate the transmission of data between different network
Protocol) nodes. It consists of three versions: GTP-C (Control Plane),
GTP-U (User Plane), and GTP’ (Charging Data Collection).
GTP-C is used for managing sessions, such as setting up and
tearing down connections. GTP-U handles the actual user
data transfer, ensuring that data packets are efficiently routed
between the user’s device and the Internet. GTP’ is used for the
transfer of billing and charging information. Together, these
protocols enable reliable and efficient data transfer within 2G,
3G, and 4G mobile networks, supporting various data services
and applications.
NG-RAN NG-RAN (Next Generation Radio Access Network) is a key
(Next Generation component of 5G networks, designed to improve performance,
Radio Access efficiency, and flexibility. It consists of gNodeBs (gNBs) that
Network) provide connectivity between user devices and the 5G core
network. NG-RAN supports higher data rates, lower latency,

526
Tanzania Institute of Education (TIE) for Advanced Secondary Schools

Computer Science Form 5.indd 526 23/07/2024 12:35