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and massive connectivity, enabling advanced applications like
IoT, autonomous vehicles, and smart cities. It utilizes advanced
technologies such as beamforming and massive MIMO to
enhance coverage and capacity, and is designed to work with
various spectrum bands, including both sub-6 GHz and mmWave
FOR ONLINE READING ONLY
frequencies. Glossary

5GC (5G Core) The 5G Core (5GC) is the central component of 5G networks,
providing the backbone for enhanced connectivity and advanced
services. It is designed to support the diverse requirements of 5G,
such as higher data speeds, ultra-low latency, and massive IoT
connectivity. The 5GC architecture is service-based, modular,
and flexible, allowing for easy integration and scalability. It
incorporates key functions such as the Access and Mobility
Management Function (AMF), Session Management Function
(SMF), and User Plane Function (UPF) to manage network
access, session handling, and data transport. The 5GC enables
network slicing, which allows operators to create customized
virtual networks tailored to specific applications and services,
thereby enhancing efficiency and performance.

MAP The Mobile Application Part (MAP) is a protocol used in GSM,
(Mobile UMTS, and GPRS networks to enable communication between
Application Part) network elements and provide various services to users. MAP
plays a crucial role in call setup, call routing, and Short Message
Service (SMS) in telecommunication networks. It allows access
to important network elements such as the Home Location
Register (HLR), Visitor Location Register (VLR), Mobile
Switching Center (MSC), and more. The specifications for
MAP are defined by organisations like the GSM Association
and ETSI/3GPP. It is an integral part of the core network
infrastructure, facilitating seamless communication and service
provisioning in mobile networks.

BSSAP The Base Station Subsystem Application Part (BSSAP) is a
(Base Station protocol used in cellular networks to facilitate communication
Subsystem between the Base Station Subsystem (BSS) and the Mobile
Application Part) Switching Center (MSC). It is a part of the Signaling System 7
(SS7) protocol suite, which manages signaling messages in the
Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). BSSAP consists
of several layers, including the BSSMAP layer, which handles

527
Student’s Book Form Five Tanzania Institute of Education (TIE)

Computer Science Form 5.indd 527 23/07/2024 12:35