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Gas exchange and respiration
the enzyme is found in tissues that have a high number of anabolic pathways, such
as liver. This form produces guanosine triphosphate (GTP). GTP is energetically
equivalent to ATP. However, its use is more restricted. In particular, protein synthesis
primarily uses GTP.
The sixth step is the oxidation of succinate to form fumarate. The conversion of
succinate into fumarate involves removal of hydrogen and is catalysed by succinate
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dehydrogenase. In this reaction FAD is reduced to FADH .
2
The seventh step is the hydration of fumarate to malate. This reversibl e reaction is catalysed
The seventh step is the hydration of fumarate to malate. This reversible reaction is catalysed
by fumarase, which is also known as fumarate hydratase.
The seventh step is the hydration of fumarate to malate. This reversible reaction is
by fumarase, which is also known as fumarate hydratase.
The seventh step is the hydration of fumarate to malate. This reversible reaction is catalysed
catalysed by fumarase, which is also known as fumarate hydratase.
by fumarase, which is also known as fumarate hydratase.
Eighth step is the oxidation of malate to form oxaloacetate. This reaction is catalysed by malate
Eighth step is the oxidation of malate to form oxaloacetate. This reaction is catalysed
dehydrogenase and results in the production of oxaloacetate which is the starting compound of
Eighth step is the oxidation of malate to form oxaloacetate. This reaction is catalysed by malate
by malate dehydrogenase and results in the production of oxaloacetate which is the
the Kreb’s cycle. In this process, NAD is reduced into NADH .
dehydrogenase and results in the production of oxaloacetate which is the starting compound of
2
starting compound of the Kreb’s cycle. In this process, NAD is reduced into NADH .
the Kreb’s cycle. In this process, NAD is reduced into NADH .
2
Eighth step is the oxidation of malate to form oxaloacetate. This reaction is catalysed by malate 2
dehydrogenase and results in the production of oxaloacetate which is the starting compound of
the Kreb’s cycle. In this process, NAD is reduced into NADH .
2
It is important to note that glycolysis yields two pyruvate molecules, each of which enters the
It is important to note that glycolysis yields multiplied by two. Thus, the products of
Kreb’s cycle separately. Thus, for a molecule of glucose, there must be two Kreb’s cycles, and,
It is important to note that glycolysis yields two pyruvate molecules, each of which enters the
two pyruvate molecules, each of which the Kreb’s cycle are 6NADH , 2FADH ,
Kreb’s cycle separately. Thus, for a molecule of glucose, there must be two Kreb’s cycles, and,
2
to avoid repetition, each component of the cycle must be multiplied by two. Thus, the products 2
enters the Kreb’s cycle separately. Thus, 4CO , 2ATP, and oxaloacetate molecules.
of the Kreb’s cycle are 6NADH , 2FADH , 4CO , 2ATP, and oxaloacetate molecules. The
to avoid repetition, each component of the cycle must be multiplied by two. Thus, the products
2
2
2
2
for a molecule of glucose, there must be The transitory step, that is from pyruvate
of the Kreb’s cycle are 6NADH , 2FADH , 4CO , 2ATP, and oxaloacetate molecules. The
It is important to note that glycolysis yields two pyruvate molecules, each of which enters the
2
2
2
transitory step, that is from pyruvate to acetate, yields 2NADH and 2CO molecules (Figure
2
2
two Kreb’s cycles, and to avoid repetition, to acetate, yields 2NADH and 2CO 2
Kreb’s cycle separately. Thus, for a molecule of glucose, there must be two Kreb’s cycles, and,
transitory step, that is from pyruvate to acetate, yields 2NADH and 2CO molecules (Figure
2
6.10 (a) and (b)).
2
2
to avoid repetition, each component of the cycle must be multiplied by two. Thus, the products
each component of the cycle must be molecules (Figure 6.10 (a) and (b)).
6.10 (a) and (b)).
of the Kreb’s cycle are 6NADH , 2FADH , 4CO , 2ATP, and oxaloacetate molecules. The
2
2
2
transitory step, that is from pyruvate to acetate, yields 2NADH and 2CO molecules (Figure
2
2
Form Five Student’s Book
6.10 (a) and (b)). 315