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(b) Abstraction in OOP: Hiding specific data structures or memory locations
complexity used behind the scenes.
Abstraction is a fundamental
principle in OOP that allows Private
programmers to focus on the Name:string Chapter Four: Object oriented programming with C++
FOR ONLINE READING ONLY
essential details of objects and id: int
their interactions, hiding away the Public
underlying complexities. It is like get_name()
creating a simplified user interface set_name(str)
for a complex machine. Public

get_id()
Objects in an OOP language User program set_id(int)
provide an abstraction that hides Object
the internal implementation
details. Similar to the coffee Figure 4.8: Data abstraction
machine in your kitchen, you just
need to know which methods of Example 4.1:
the object are available to call Imagine a Bank class with an attribute balance.
and which input parameters You can access and modify the balance using
are needed to trigger a specific methods like deposit() and withdraw(), but
operation. But you do not need you do not need to know how the balance is
to understand how this method is actually stored internally (such as, integer,
implemented and what kinds of and floating-point number).
actions it has to perform to create
the expected result. (ii) Process abstraction: This level focuses on
hiding the implementation details of how an
(c) Levels of abstraction in object performs an action. It›s like providing
OOP a single entry point (method) for a specific
Within the concept of abstraction functionality without revealing the complex
in OOP, there are two main levels steps involved in its execution.
that address different aspects of
hiding complexity: Example 4.2 :

(i) Data abstraction: This level, Assume you have a car class that has a
as shown in Figure 4.8 focuses method accelerate(). Calling this method
on hiding the details of how data initiates the acceleration process, but the
is stored and manipulated within student does not need to see the intricate
an object. It›s like providing a code involving engine control, fuel
user interface for interacting with injection, and transmission changes.
data without needing to know the

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