Page 104 - Biology_Form_3

Excretion

persistent consumption of food rich in Jaundice is a medical condition in which
purine. Red meat is an example of high the skin, sclera and mucous membranes
purine food. Medication such as diuretics turn yellowish because of high level of
also increases the risk of gout because they bilirubin. Bilirubin is a bile pigment.
stimulate and raise the level of uric acid in Besides liver cirrhosis, jaundice may be
FOR ONLINE READING ONLY
the body. Overweight also increases the risk also caused by hepatitis, gallstones and
of developing gout. tumours. Symptoms of jaundice includes
yellowing of the skin, gastrointestinal
Effects of gout include the formation of bleeding, abdominal swelling, weight loss
kidney stones. This means that uric acid and fatigue.
crystals are collected in the urinary system
and develop into kidney stones. Recurrent (i) Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
gout causes damage to the joints. The Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a
kidneys also can be damaged by uric acid genetic disorder characterized by the
buildup, which may lead to kidney stone development of numerous fluid-filled cysts
formation. in the kidneys, leading to enlarged kidneys
and impaired function. There are two main
Maintaining high fluid intake, avoiding
excess alcohol and maintaining a healthy types: Autosomal dominant PKD (ADPKD),
body weight are some preventive measures which typically manifests in adulthood, and
against gout. Individuals with gout can also autosomal recessive PKD (ARPKD), a more
reduce symptoms by taking balanced diet severe form that appears in infancy or early
regularly. childhood. Symptoms of PKD include high
blood pressure, abdominal or lower back

(h) Liver cirrhosis pain, blood in the urine, frequent kidney
infections, kidney stones, and progressive
This is a condition in which liver cells loss of kidney function, potentially leading
degenerate and fibrous tissue is formed to kidney failure. Preventive measures
leading to scarring and liver failure. It involve regular blood pressure monitoring,
may be caused by many factors including maintaining a low-sodium diet, staying
alcohol intake, worms infestation in the hydrated, avoiding smoking, and engaging
liver, hepatitis or obstruction of the gall in regular physical activity. Treatment
bladder. Symptoms includes headache, includes blood pressure management using
nausea, vomiting, lack of appetite and ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor
weight loss. The person with this disorder blockers, pain management through
should be given fat free food and stop prescribed medications, and antibiotics for
taking alcohol. The person is also advised to urinary tract infections. Recent advances
undergo medical treatment on gall bladder include Tolvaptan, a vasopressin receptor
stones and worm infestation or hepatitis if antagonist that has been shown to slow
they are found to be the cause. Later stages the progression of kidney function
of liver cirrhosis may lead to jaundice. decline in ADPKD patients. Additionally,

97

23/10/2025 11:52:45
BIOLOGY FORM 3 FINAL EDITED 16.09.2025.indd 97
BIOLOGY FORM 3 FINAL EDITED 16.09.2025.indd 97 KAMISHNA 23/10/2025 11:52:45

KAMISHNA