Page 105 - Biology_Form_3

Biology for Secondary Schools

gene therapy using clustered regularly an increased risk of blood clots. Preventive
interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR) measures include maintaining a low-sodium
is being explored to correct PKD mutations, diet to reduce fluid retention, consuming a
offering potential future treatments. high-protein diet to compensate for protein
loss, avoiding nephrotoxic medications, and
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(j) Interstitial cystitis (bladder pain undergoing regular kidney function tests.
syndrome)
Interstitial Cystitis (IC), also known as Exercise 4.5
bladder pain syndrome (BPS), is a chronic
condition characterized by inflammation of 1. A patient experiences swollen feet,
the bladder wall, leading to persistent pelvic fatigue, and blood in the urine.
pain and urinary discomfort. The exact cause Based on your knowledge of
is unknown, but possible factors include excretory system disorders, identify
defects in the bladder lining, autoimmune the possible condition and suggest
responses, allergies, infections, and genetic control measures.
predisposition. Symptoms of IC include 2. A person frequently experiences
chronic pelvic pain, frequent urination severe pain while urinating and
(often in small amounts), urgency to notices cloudy urine with a foul
urinate, pain during sexual intercourse, and smell. What disorder might the
pressure or discomfort in the bladder region. person have, and what preventive
Preventive measures focus on identifying measures should be taken?
and avoiding personal dietary triggers 3. Compare kidney stones and urinary
such as caffeine, alcohol, and spicy foods, tract infections in terms of causes,
practicing stress-reduction techniques, symptoms, and control measures.
engaging in bladder training exercises, and Present your findings in a table.
maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
4. Explain how kidney failure affects
(k) Nephrotic syndrome homeostasis in the body. Suggest
Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder three possible interventions to
caused by damage to the glomeruli, the manage the condition.
filtering units of the kidneys, leading to
excessive protein loss in the urine. The Chapter Summary
primary causes include autoimmune
diseases (such as lupus), diabetes mellitus, 1. Excretion is the biological process
infections, and certain medications that of removing metabolic waste
affect kidney function. Symptoms include products from the body to maintain
severe swelling (oedema), particularly in homeostasis. Living organisms
the legs, ankles, and face, foamy urine due consume nutrients for energy, leading
to excessive protein loss, weight gain from to the production of by-products that
fluid retention, high cholesterol levels, and must be eliminated. In humans, organs

98 Student’s Book - Form Three

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BIOLOGY FORM 3 FINAL EDITED 16.09.2025.indd 98
BIOLOGY FORM 3 FINAL EDITED 16.09.2025.indd 98 KAMISHNA 23/10/2025 11:52:45 KAMISHNA