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(i) Formalist theory
Formalism emphasises the form and structure of a literary work over its content
or authorial intent. Formalists focus on elements such as language, plot, character
development, setting and style to analyse how these elements contribute to the
overall meaning and effect of the work. They often look at patterns, symbolism,
tone, point of view, and literary devices employed by the author to interpret the
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text. After analysing each part, the critic then describes how they work together to
give meaning (theme) to the text.

(ii) Feminist theory
Feminist literary criticism examines how literature reflects, perpetuates, or
challenges gender roles and power dynamics. Feminist critics analyse the
representation of gender, sexuality and identity in literary works, as well as the
portrayal and agency of female characters. They may also explore how female
authors are treated within the literary canon and how their works are interpreted
compared to male authors.

(iii) Marxist theory
Marxist literary criticism focuses on the socioeconomic context of literature and
how it reflects or critiques the prevailing power structures, particularly those
related to class struggle. Marxist critics examine themes such as capitalism,
labour, exploitation, and alienation in literary works. They may analyse characters,
settings, and plot elements in terms of their socioeconomic significance and how
they contribute to or challenge dominant ideologies.
(iv) Reader-response theory

Reader-response theory emphasises the role of the reader in interpreting and
constructing meaning from a text. Instead of focusing solely on the author’s
intention or the text itself, reader-response critics consider how individual readers
or audiences engage with and interpret the work. They explore how readers’
backgrounds, experiences and perspectives shape their understanding and response
to literature.
(v) Structuralism theory
Structuralism examines the underlying structures and systems that govern
language and narrative. Structuralist critics focus on binary oppositions, narrative
patterns, and underlying codes or structures within the text. They may analyse
how language and symbolism function within the text to convey meaning and
organise the narrative.
Each of these theories offers a distinct framework for interpreting and critiquing
literary works, emphasising different aspects such as form, ideology, reader
engagement, or underlying structures. Critics may employ one or more of these
theories depending on the specific focus of their analysis and the questions they
seek to address about the text.

Tanzania Institute of Education (TIE) 169 Form Five

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