Page 162 - Agriculture_Form_3

Agriculture for Secondary Schools

Management during calving
As calving approaches, the cow or heifer will show signs that they are about to
give birth. These include swelling of the vulva, a full udder, restlessness, and
the appearance of a water bag. The calf may also move actively inside the belly.
Ensure the environment in the calving area is conducive for the safety of the
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mother and the calf during and after calving.
When labour starts, the animal must be observed closely for signs of calving. One
of the first signs of actual calving is the appearance of the calf’s forelegs at the
vulva (Figure 9.7 (a)). This shows the calf has entered the birth canal and delivery
has begun. This is a key moment that requires close attention to ensure calving
continues safely. After calving, the mother cow usually licks the calf. This helps
clean the calf and bond. Figure 9.7 (b) shows a cow caring for her calf soon after
birth in a properly prepared calving place.

Figure 9.7 (a): The calf’s Figure 9.7 (b): Cow licking her
forelegs emerging at birth newborn calf after delivery

After calving, the cow’s hind legs should be cleaned gently using warm water.
The placenta should fall out naturally within a few hours. The area must remain
clean to avoid infection. Good calving management protects both the cow and
the calf. It is important to ensure that within a few hours, the calf should be fed
colostrum ad libitum.

Management of lactating dairy cows
After calving, the cow enters the lactation period. Proper management during this
stage is important to ensure good milk production and protect the cow’s health.
The cow must be given enough water and feed that is rich in energy, protein, and
minerals to support both milk yield and recovery from calving. The udder and
teats should be checked daily for signs of mastitis or swelling. Regular milking,
done gently and at the same time each day, helps to maintain milk flow and

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