Page 167 - Agriculture_Form_3

Agriculture for Secondary Schools

FOR ONLINE READING ONLY

Figure 9.9 (a): Dairy calf with Figure 9.9 (b): Tattoo identification
plastic ear tags inside the calf’s ear

Castration of male calves not meant for breeding should be done before two
months of age. Bloodless methods, for example, using a burdizzo or rubber ring,
can be performed by trained farmers or livestock extension workers. Surgical
castration, which involves cutting tissue, must only be done by certified livestock
experts.
Disbudding is the removal of horn buds before they attach to the skull. This is
best done before two months of age. It can be done by farmers or trained livestock
extension workers using a hot iron. Later-stage dehorning, which involves cutting
into horn tissue, must be done by a certified livestock expert only. All tools used
for disbudding, dehorning and castration must be cleaned with disinfectant. The
calf must be restrained gently using a crush or frame to prevent injury during the
operation.

Monitoring calf health and behaviour
Calves must be observed daily for any symptoms or signs of illness. Regular
checks help to detect problems early and reduce the risk of disease spread. A
healthy calf is alert, active, eats and drinks well, and has clear eyes, a moist nose,
a smooth coat and smooth breathing. Signs of sickness include fever, coughing,
swollen joints or navel, rough coat, lack of appetite or diarrhoea. Calves with
such symptoms must be separated from the rest and treated without delay. A clean
and dry pen, proper feeding, and proper handling help calves recover fast and
prevent others from illness.

Sometimes, calves may develop undesirable behaviours, also known as vices.
These include licking walls, sucking other calves, or eating dung. Such behaviours
are often caused by poor feeding, hunger, boredom, or dirty and uncomfortable
housing. These habits can lead to poor growth, spread of diseases, or injuries. To

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