Page 203 - Agriculture_Form_Three

Agriculture for Secondary Schools

Fig. 8.17: Examples of leather products

Handling and processing of blood

Immediately after slaughter, a by-product collected from the bleeding animal is the
blood. The blood can be dried or preserved to prevent spoilage. It may be processed
into blood meal which is an important ingredient in formulation of animal feeds.
Blood meal is very rich in protein having as much as 75% protein. Fresh blood from
animals such as cattle, goats and sheep is also edible and high in protein and heme
iron. In addition, blood can be used for making blood pudding, bread, blood cake,
curd, biscuits, sausages, binders and fertilisers.

Handling and processing of bones and egg shells
Bones separated from flesh can be processed into various products. Bones from

animals can be used for making soap, usually from the ash derived from burning
them. Steel ball-bearing is made using bone charcoal. In addition, livestock bones
are used in the manufacturing of bone meal feed. Egg shells are used as rich sources
of calcium in feed production. Gelatin is an edible livestock by-product protein
obtained from cattle and pig bones. However, it is also obtained from tendons,
ligaments as well as hides and skins of cattle and pigs.

Handling of milk processing by-products

In processing of milk to various products, by-products are also obtained. These
include whey, skim milk, and butter milk. Whey is the liquid part of milk that is

Student’s Book Form Three
192

10/01/2025 12:31
AGRICULTURE FORM 3 9.11.2022.indd 192
AGRICULTURE FORM 3 9.11.2022.indd 192 10/01/2025 12:31