Page 204 - Agriculture_Form_Three

Agriculture for Secondary Schools

produced after cheese has been made. Whey is rich in protein and very important in
the manufacturing of whipping agents, emulsifiers, water-binders and animal feeds.
Skim and butter milk is the liquid part of milk after the separation of the butter fat.

Handling and processing of fats

Fat separated from meat can be processed into various products. Fatty acids derived
from animal fat (tallow) are important in the production of soap and detergents,
herbicides, asphalt, candles and insecticides. It is also an ingredient in paints and
lubricants. Glycerol which is a by-product of animal fat is used in the production

of toothpaste, lipsticks, antifreeze, plastics and paints. Fat products are also used in
making linoleum shoe cream, cellophane, mouthwash, synthetic rubber, pet foods,
crayons, floor wax, paints paper and insulation plastics, car polish, shaving creams,
cosmetics and deodorants. Fat from the abdomen of pigs known as lard is used for
the production of cream, soaps, and in baking such as for making patties (where it
is used as shortening).

Handling and processing of offals

In animals, beef cattle, for example, about 40% includes parts like skin, fat, bones,
tendons and organs, all regarded as by-products. These are separated from the
carcass and preserved for other uses. The heart, lung, kidney, liver and many other

parts of cattle, other than muscle meat, are also used for human consumption. The
rennet used in curdling milk in cheese making process is obtained from the stomach
of ruminant animals. Heparin as an important anticoagulant is extracted from
the liver, lungs, and lining of small intestines of cattle. Pig ovaries are important
sources of progesterone and oestrogen which are hormones used in the management
of reproductive disorders. Many more chemicals of medicinal or industrial use are
derived from these livestock by-products.

Handling and processing of manure

Manure from the animal farm is worldwide used as fertiliser directly after

decomposition, making a good source of nutrients to the soil. When animals are
mainly raised intensively, a considerable amount of manure is produced. Poultry
feathers can be degraded by a bacterium known as Bacillus licheniformis. This
organism ferments the feathers into a digestible protein called feather lysate which
is a very good source of protein in feed production industries.

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