Page 23 - Biology Form Two

Biology for Secondary Schools

results from incomplete formation of the can easily pass from their bodies to the
spinal cord and the bones of the spine. foetus and babies during pregnancy
Often, the spine protrudes through the and breastfeeding, respectively, and
hole and sometimes a fluid-filled sac affect their development.
may surround the protruding spinal Nutritional needs for a lactating mother
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cord.
increase during breastfeeding to satisfy
Calcium helps in the development of the needs of her body and the baby.

the foetus’ and baby’s bones. If the Children
mother’s diet does not contain adequate Young children are still growing and
calcium, this nutrient will be derived they are generally most active. They
from her bones for the foetus or baby. require diets that provide them with
This weakens the mother’s bones.
adequate nutrients to ensure proper
Zinc is important for the proper functioning of their bodies. They

progression of labour during delivery. It need enough proteins for growth and
is also important for proper growth and development of the body tissues.
development of the baby. Inadequate supply of proteins can

The pregnant woman requires iron for lead to stunted growth. Minerals like
her blood supply needs. The foetus also calcium are necessary for the formation
needs to store iron for use during the of strong bones and teeth. Zinc is
first few months after birth. important for body growth. It plays an
important role in biological processes
Pregnant women also require adequate
amounts of dietary fibre to reduce the including cell growth, differentiation,

likelihood of constipation, what is a and metabolism. Deficiency in zinc
common complaint during pregnancy. limits childhood growth and decreases
Their meal should contain adequate resistance to infections. Vitamin B
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vegetables, fruits, and fibre sources. is required for the formation of red
Pregnant women and lactating mothers blood cells since a growing body needs
should also drink plenty of water. more oxygen and blood. Vitamin B is
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Water is a major constituent of breast essential for brain development as well

milk. Some hormones produced during as nervous and cognitive functions.
breastfeeding increase thirst. Pregnant Inadequate vitamin B during
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women and lactating mothers should pregnancy and early childhood causes
avoid alcohol consumption. Alcohol improper cognitive development for

Student’s Book - Form Two 17

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