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Micro-operations (Move the contents of R1 to R2).
The basic operations are performed on data For example Figure 1.71 indicates
in registers or between registers and other that if T=1, then the content of R1
units (ALUs, memory). Table 1.13 shows is transferred to R2. Chapter One: Computer architecture
common symbols in RTL operations.
FOR ONLINE READING ONLY
(a) Arithmetic operations (add, subtract) T:R2< -R1
- Example: R1 + R2 -> R3 (Add T
Control
the contents of R1 and R2, store the Function R2
result in R3)
(b) Logical operations (AND, OR, NOT) T-1 n
- Example: R1 AND R2 -> R3
(Perform a logical AND operation
on the contents of R1 and R2, store R1
the result in R3)
(c) Data transfer (move): The movement n = number of bits
of data between registers or between
a register and another unit. RTL uses Figure 1.62: Data Transfer in RTL)
notations to specify the source and operations
destination of the data transfer, along
with control signals that enable (a) Shift operations (left, right)
the transfer. Example: R2 <- R1 (b) Control operations (compare, jump)

Table 1.13: Common symbols of RTL

Symbol Meaning Example
Letters Registers MAR, PC, IR
<- Transfer of Information R3 <- R2, PC <- PC + 1
, Two micro-operations R3 <- R2, R5 <- R4
: Conditional operations T:R2<-R1 if T=1
() Part of a register R1(0-7)

Computer processor architecture (ARM- Advanced RISC Machine and
x86 architecture)

There are two famous architectures, namely Advanced RISC Machine (ARM) and x86.
Advanced RISC Machine (ARM): Just like cheetahs, which are the fastest land
animals on Earth but can not sustain their top speed for long distances, ARM follows
a similar principle of careful energy usage. ARM is a Reduced Instruction Set
Computing (RISC) architecture, meaning it has simpler and fewer instructions. This

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Student’s Book Form Five

Computer Science Form 5.indd 67 23/07/2024 12:32